Identity authentication

Common methods include knowledge-based factors like passwords or security questions, possession-based methods like one-time codes sent to a mobile device, and biometric factors such as facial recognition or fingerprint scans. More advanced systems use behavioral or contextual data for adaptive authentication.

Authentication types fall into three categories: something you know (e.g. password), something you have (e.g. a security token), and something you are (e.g. a biometric trait). Strong authentication systems use at least two of these—known as multi-factor authentication (MFA).

User friction, poor password hygiene, and phishing attacks remain common problems. Biometric data, while secure, can’t be reset if compromised. Ensuring accessibility while maintaining strong authentication methods—especially in mobile or remote environments—is a challenge many organizations face. Additionally, balancing user experience with stringent security requirements often requires trade-offs.